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Salud mental e identidad=
en
la diversidad sexual: desafĂos y factores de riesgo en personas LGBTQ+
Mental
health and identity in sexual diversity: challenges and risk factors in LGB=
TQ+
people.
Carlos A. ChavarrĂa M.1,5
1 Escuela de PsicologĂa, Universidad Santa MarĂa La Antigua
2 Centro de
Neurociencias INDICASAT-AIP
3 Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciĂłn SENACYT
4 Florida State University, Campus =
de la
República de Panamá, Ciudad del Saber, Panamá
5 Fundación Iguales Panamá
*Autor por correspondencia: MarĂa B. Carreira, mcarreira@indicasat.org.p=
a
Â
Recibido: 07 de agosto de 2024
 Acepta=
do: 18
de noviembre de 2024
Resumen
Las personas LGBTQ+ pertenecen a una poblaciĂłn
vulnerada y experimentan desafĂos que afectan, no solo cĂłmo integran su
identidad a lo largo de su vida, sino su salud mental. Las disparidades de
salud mental en la poblaciĂłn sexualmente diversa han sido estudiadas y se
evidencia en incidencias de sĂntomas psicopatolĂłgicos mayores en comparac=
iĂłn
con las personas heterosexuales. Existen distintos factores de riesgo que
afectan el funcionamiento psicolĂłgico de las personas LGBTQ+, abarcando las
experiencias de discriminaciĂłn, prácticas de conversiĂłn de la orientaciĂ=
łn
sexual y de identidad de gĂ©nero, riesgo de suicidio, presencia de sĂntomas
psicológicos, entre otros. No obstante, también se han identificado facto=
res
que protegen a la persona LGBTQ+ a tener un desarrollo de su identidad
saludable y que mitigan la angustia psicolĂłgica. El presente artĂculo tie=
ne
como finalidad explorar los conceptos sobre orientaciĂłn sexual e identidad=
de
género, entender cómo distintos autores explican la formación de la iden=
tidad
de la persona LGBTQ+ y por Ăşltimo discutir las implicaciones de ser sexual=
mente
diverso en la salud mental.
Palab=
ras
clave: salud mental; identidad; factores de riesgo; diversidad; LGBTQ+.
<=
b>
<=
b>Abstract
<=
b>
LGBTQ+ individuals belong to a vulnerable population and experience
challenges that affect not only how they integrate their identity throughout
their lives, but also their mental health. Mental health disparities in the
sexually diverse population have been studied and are evidenced by higher
incidences of psychopathological symptoms compared to heterosexual individu=
als.
There are several risk factors that affect the psychological functioning of
LGBTQ+ individuals, including experiences of discrimination, sexual orienta=
tion
and gender identity conversion practices, suicide risk, presence of
psychological symptoms, among others. However, factors that protect the LGB=
TQ+
person to have a healthy identity development and mitigate psychological di=
stress
have also been identified. This article aims to explore the concepts of sex=
ual
orientation and gender identity, understand how different authors explain
LGBTQ+ identity formation, and finally discuss the mental health implicatio=
ns
of being sexually diverse.
Keywords: mental health; identity; risk factors; diversity; LGBTQ+.<=
/span>
Las personas lesbianas, gais,
bisexuales, trans y queer (LGBTQ+) pertenecen a uno de los grupos más
vulnerados globalmente. A pesar de que las orientaciones sexuales e identid=
ades
de género diversas fueron despatologizadas hace más de cinco décadas por=
la AsociaciĂłn
Americana de PsiquiatrĂa on
Diversas investigaciones han
abordado las consecuencias de los actos de discriminaciĂłn en la salud ment=
al,
pudiendo ocasionar la apariciĂłn de sĂntomas de depresiĂłn, ansiedad y baja
autoestima
Conceptualizando la
orientación sexual e identidad de género
La AsociaciĂłn Americana de
PsicologĂa
Por otra parte, la identidad de género se entiende como la auto
conceptualizaciĂłn profunda y psicolĂłgica de una persona de ser hombre, mu=
jer u
otro género y puede o no corresponder con el sexo asignado al nacer o sus
caracterĂsticas sexuales
Â
Implicaciones de s=
er
una persona LGBTQ+ y factores de riesgo para la salud mental
Diversos estudios han evidenciado
disparidades de salud mental en la poblaciĂłn LGBTQ+
Además, otro desafĂo especĂfi=
co que
atraviesan las personas LGBTQ+ es la falta de apoyo social y familiar. Este
desafĂo afecta de mayor forma a los adolescentes sexualmente diversos,
considerando que se encuentran en una etapa del ciclo vital en el cual la s=
alud
mental y el desarrollo saludable se beneficia de una red de apoyo por parte=
de
la familia, amigos y comunidad
En la misma lĂnea, distintos au=
tores
han reportado que, además de ser vĂctima de discriminaciĂłn y ser rechaza=
do por
la familia, identificarse como persona bisexual y padecer de VIH son factor=
es
de riesgo especĂficos asociados a intentos de suicidio =
Sin embargo, se han reportado
distintos factores protectores que pueden contribuir a un bienestar psicolĂ=
łgico
y a una identidad más integrada. Algunos estudios indican que la aceptación de las personas =
LGBTQ+
en su familia constituye un factor de protecciĂłn y se asocia con menores
sĂntomas de depresiĂłn y menor riesgo suicida =
=
Conclusiones
Las personas LGBTQ+ están expue=
stas
a distintos obstáculos que ponen en riesgo su calidad de vida, afectando el
funcionamiento psicolĂłgico
 La población LGBTQ+ se enfrenta a cons=
tantes
desafĂos que pueden llegar a dificultar la integraciĂłn de su identidad y =
la
salud mental
AĂşn existe una escasez de evide=
ncia
cientĂfica sobre la salud mental en personas LGBTQ+ en la regiĂłn de
Latinoamérica y en Panamá. Este ensayo contribuye a la evaluación de la
literatura existente e invita a incrementar la investigaciĂłn enfocada en la
población panameña sexualmente diversa con el fin de estudiar disparidade=
s de
salud, crear concientizaciĂłn en la poblaciĂłn civil y los profesionales de=
la
salud, y colaborar en la creaciĂłn de polĂticas pĂşblicas basadas en evide=
ncia
que garanticen protecciĂłn a las personas LGBTQ+.
=
Agradecimientos
Se extiende agradecimientos al
Centro de Neurociencias de INDICASAT-AIP, al Sistema Nacional de Investigac=
iĂłn
(044-2023, 66-2021, 063-2023) la SecretarĂa Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog=
Ăa
(SENACYT), a la FundaciĂłn Deveaux y a la Unive=
rsidad
Santa MarĂa la Antigua (SRUI-CPEI-ID-2022-202223-017) por su apoyo y guĂa
durante el desarrollo de este artĂculo.
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ChavarrĂa<=
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1812-3864; eISSN 2644-4119)
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1, Enero – Mayo 2025. pp. 5 – 11
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v13i1.397
Ensayo